| Ad hoc (initial) | Defined | Managed | Optimized |
Data processes | Informal and inconsistent | Recognition of the importance of data quality and consistency | Integrated across multiple systems and teams | Continuous improvement processes to enhance data capabilities and innovation |
Governance processes | Limited and minimal standardization | Basic frameworks and policies | Formal and actively enforced | Mature |
Team collaboration | Data teams and business units work in silos with little collaboration | Initial cross-functional collaboration | Skilled employees with clear roles and responsibilities | Highly skilled, agile teams |
Tools and technologies | Fragmented or manually operated | Select technology stack usage for data collection and processing | Use of modern tools and technologies for data management and analytics | Advanced usage of best-in-breed technologies |
Decision-making approach | Often relies on intuition or incomplete data | Data management and analytics skill sets emerge that can inform decision-making | Data-driven decision-making is becoming a standard practice | Integrated ecosystem supports advanced analytics and real-time insights |